What do President Obama and heavy metal guitarist <a href="http://www.yngwiemalmsteen.com/yngwie/" target="_blank">Yngwie Malmsteen</a> have in common?

They both wear essentially the same thing every day so that they can save their brain power for bigger, more important decisions.

Constantly making decisions can strain a decision maker--so the opportunity to share the decision-making space can be quite appealing. And if involving employees in decision making is meaningful to them, then enabling them to actually make the decision will be exponentially more important. The key is to create "intelligent autonomy" that gives employees the independence and influence they crave, but does so in a manner that thoughtfully avoids the contradictions and pitfalls of a poorly executed delegation of power.

Before discussing the pitfalls, let's gain an appreciation for the astounding power of autonomy done right. According to a <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/bouncing-back/201106/the-no-1-contributor-happiness" target="_blank">report</a> by The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, the number-one contributor to happiness in life is not money, popularity, good looks, or even a good sex life. It's autonomy: "the feeling that your life--its activities and habits--are self-chosen and self-endorsed."

<a href="http://faculty.som.yale.edu/amywrzesniewski/documents/Onthemeaningofwork_000.pdf" target="_blank">Research</a> clearly shows that jobs allowing for higher levels of autonomy have been shown to generate more meaning at work.

University of Michigan professor Gretchen Spreitzer conducted a <a href="http://ceo.usc.edu/working_paper/taking_stock_a_review_of_more.html" target="_blank">study</a> of twenty years of research on empowerment at work and found that empowered employees report a high level of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, lower turnover, increased performance effectiveness, and increased motivation. Relatedly, supervisors who reported higher levels of empowerment were seen by their subordinates as more innovative, upward influencing, and inspirational.

Empowerment executed effectively also engenders meaningful outcomes like increased trust and bonding between the giver and receiver, and an elevated sense of ownership, control, self-esteem, and accomplishment for those empowered.

Position power gives way to personal power with autonomy. When employees have greater levels of autonomy, they are better able to use their personal attributes to contribute to job performance.  For example, I've witnessed an empowered manager drive a critical but controversial project to an effective conclusion by using skilled listening and empathy to persuade misaligned key stakeholders. Her manager would have achieved the same outcome, but undoubtedly would have left a trail of bodies in his wake. The empowered was able to succeed by doing it "her way" and got a chance to exercise traits that are core to her value system--a meaningful experience through and through.

Given all this goodness, how can you craft intelligent autonomy, or empowerment done right?

It starts with a simple but important insight: It takes work to give away work.

This is particularly true if you want to avoid the surprising dark side of empowerment.  Here are eight ways to grant autonomy in an intelligent fashion.

<strong>1)  Fulfill the Foundational Requirements</strong>

Ensure a baseline of trust, a practice of information sharing, and a willingness to delegate growth work, not just grunt work. Employees have to feel themselves stretching and feel the influence they have to truly feel empowered. If you allow for substantive, not inconsequential, decisions to be made by the empowered, and overcome any fear you might have of delegating some big decisions as well, you are on the way to smartly implementing autonomy and avoiding some of the most basic pitfalls en route.

<strong>2)  Have an Agreement for Autonomy in Place</strong>

Whether a document or a discussion, it will formalize the rules of engagement and operation in the handover of power. Such an agreement can be broken out into three parts: construction, consideration, and consultation. <em>Construction</em> involves building a basic set of expectations for the work associated with the empowered tasks.  <em>Consideration </em>means the empowered must also show some specific consideration toward the delegator (you). <em>Consultation</em> spells out the decisions that will require your specific consultation.

<strong>3) Facilitate Recipient Readiness</strong>

Just because employees are empowered doesn't mean they are set up to succeed. They may have difficulty accepting the new responsibilities for fear they will be overmatched or because they view the new responsibilities as an added burden to a job that already has enough pressures. As a countermeasure, you must ensure that your employees are ready to accept the responsibility. You should work to ease the fears of accountability that can come with empowerment, ensuring that people are set up to win and confident that they will. The employees themselves have to demonstrate that they are ready, willing, and able as well.

<strong>4) Provide Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reward</strong>

More work without more reward is rarely welcome. And even if the work must be done, the motivation might not exist to do it. That is why it is so vital to ensure that there are intrinsic and extrinsic rewards baked into the new work. You can make the work intrinsically motivating by building in flexibility to allow employees to define what they want to get out of the new autonomy granted. Of course, let us not forget the good old-fashioned <em>extrinsic </em>reward and recognition that should accompany the added responsibility and accountability sought from employees. Proper recognition for expanded responsibility that is well handled is a must, as are meaningful rewards.

<strong>5) Facilitate by Assisting Success vs. Avoiding Failure</strong>

Mistakes will be made when employees are given autonomy. Part of the reason employees need to be empowered in the first place is to learn from the experience of their mistakes. The mistake you have to avoid as a manager is reacting poorly to their mistakes. It's important that you let the cycle of empowerment work itself out where the employee learns from both successes and failures. You have to act as a facilitator, not a fixer. The minute you start acting like you want people to avoid any miscues, the empowerment itself has failed. Instead, shift to a mindset of assisting success.

<strong>6) Construct Communication Loops</strong>

A breakdown in communication can mean a breakdown in trust between you and the employee you've delegated decision-making authority to. Autonomous employees shouldn't go off the grid, but instead should find ways to report back regularly on progress. Checkpoints should be established to provide updates, encouragement, help, training in teachable moments, and to avoid operational drift whereby work migrates away from previously aligned objectives and parameters.  Communication needs to be a two-way street.

<strong>7) Covet Communication Loops</strong>

Communicate with your empowered employees in a manner such that they actually come to <em>covet</em> the communication loops in place over time. If you begin to sense that the fierce sense of independence developed (typical of empowered individuals) is beginning to backfire, it's time to revisit how the communication loops are being used. Focusing those communication touch points on open and rewarding exchanges can leave the empowered feeling that it is productive to continue inviting management in along the way as appropriate.

<strong>8) Tie a Measurement Tether </strong>

Having established success criteria and measures in the agreement for autonomy and reviewing progress against those measures periodically will help ensure work stays on course. It also helps keep the empowered motivated along the way as they have tangible evidence they are on track to hitting their goal. As important, keeping the measures front and center reinforces what success looks like, otherwise it can easily fall prey to a variety of interpretations. Doing so ensures everyone defines success the same way and helps ensure that the ultimate output of the autonomy can be celebrated by all--which is meaningful in its own right.

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